- According to humanism, man is the subject of all things in the universe. The humanist idea developed as a result of the Greeks’ obsession and questioning of the human’s place in universe. Humanism valued the virtues of “courage”, “wisdom”, “temperance”, and “justice”. Furthermore, in Ancient Greek culture, being responsible to the city and environment and serving to other citizens as well as gods were humans’ obligation. For them, the art was nature’s immitation (mimesis) and was centered around humans and included the personification of gods, animals, and natural occurances, or in other words, what is inexplainable. As a result of the admiration of human body, gods were pictured in human forms.
- Greek architecture is simple and easy to understand, although the word simplicity is not in sense of worthlessness. The simplicity is evident in distance intervals and geometry in architecture, and it aims to organize space, turn chaos into harmony by defining the indefinite. Even though architecture is seen as a form of art, the buildings were not solely done for aesthetic purposes. Instead, they all had purposes for the citizens. Greek architecture also appealed to human emotions; for instance, Parthenon demonstrates a perfect balance between traditional rules/ratios and human emotions. It’s based on simple ratios and has a simple structure; however, it gives the emotional message of permanence and strength of Greek culture. Another example of humanism is the statue of Athena, which is in human form and used to stand in Parthenon – this also shows that sculpture and architecture are intervowen.
- Humanism, which was originated from the fact that Greeks put man to the center of the universe, and which demonstrates their admiration in human and human body, was reflected into architecture as buildings based on simplicity, that were easy to comprehend, but that still conveyed messages based on emotions.
Idealism suggests that there are two worlds; one is ideal world, one is the real world. Idealism is the search for perfection. Idealism concerns abouth the essence. Greek temples are idealisticly built; the goal was to make them seem stable, perminent like they are going to stay there forever. For example The Parthenon's entrance stairs are curved outwards so that the viewer can't see it sagging down because of visual illusions. the columns have entasis which helps the viewer see the vrertical and horizontal lines straight as if they are perfect. although the columns and the pediment aren't done with right angles from a distance it looks like perfect and strong.
eda and tugberk like the effect of idealism on architerure, because they find the buildings look so huge, dominant and they are also impressed because they stayed for ages and still so strong. i dont find it very impressing, because everything is obvious and when you enter a building you know what to see theres no surprises.
idealism effects human beings so much because, we as humans are so tiny and imperfect in very aspects, and idealism gives us such a perfect world amazes us.
According to our book, rationalism is the idea that the reason must be prevailed in every human-related affair. Greeks believed, or specifically Plato believed, that the intellect is the most important aspect of men. It was considered that through education one can reach the high status. Apart from intellect, the Greeks believed that there were simple mathematical ratios in the universe. Therefore, the universe was, despite of its complexity, seemed simple and understandable for them. In architecture, all of the mathematical and logical relationships in the nature and the universe were reflected in the very buildings they erected. The ideal ratios were used in both structural and artistic elements of the building. The harmony between the horizontal and the vertical elements of the building resembles this highly rational complexity. In the guidance of rationalism, they skillfully erected the buildings, serving more than one purpose. For example, the Parthenon served both as a symbol of power and also as the treasury of Athens. The Greek’s reasoning allowed the architect to think about every single detail, to work on different proportions which led the buildings to stand as a result of a highly intellectual work. The Greek architecture has been greatly affected by the ideas of the rationalism and that is the reason that they make us feel like there must be some thought of intellectually reasoning in every detail of a building.
Rationalism is the idea every phenomenon and being is created and ruled according to the principles of logic and knowledge. The purpose is to reach the highest intellectual level and rise to the point where reason rules the humanity. Rationalism is the source of real beauty, harmony and truth in Greek art, and is reflected in the sculpture, too.
The art of sculpture was based on geometric ratios, numbers and certain measurements, as well as emotions and ideas. Idealism and rationalism were used in sculpture together, but idealism was also used in a way to support and strenghten rationalist style. Sculpture was not completely and strictly based on mathemathical proportions, instead rationalism was used in a way to improve the art of sculpture, when it was needed.
According to Polyclitus, human body was designed and can be expressed by multiples of fractions. Therefore, the art of sculpture can reach perfection with rationalist theory.
We agree that mathematical proportions might be a crucial part in any kind of art; however artists must not be obsessed with mathemathics when they are performing their arts. The best part of implication of rationalism was to represent the human itself in the art; which is in a way similar to humanism.
Rationalism brought order and harmony to every part of life and reflected on sculpture with ratios and proportions.
Idealism, uses imagination to represent object as the appear to the mind's eye. Idealism focuses on the essential qualities of things. There are different forms of the “ideal” that different philosophers embraced.
During the Hellenic period sculpture was also under the influence of idealism. The aim was to reflect the permanent and the complete. Because of this reason sculptors did not prefer to create infant, old or sick human figures since they were “incomplete” and away from the ideal types. The images that they preferred to use in their sculptures were the athletes or the figures of the gods. Thus these are seen as the representatives of power, the perfect beauty and goodness which can only exist in forms and ideas according to Plato.
In our opinion idealism moves away from the reality in order to maintain perfection. Not only in sculpture, but also in drama, music and even in state administration they tried to create a sense of beauty through abstraction, but we think that only the real truth would satisfy human mind,illusional perfection will just create a temporary sense of happiness but nothing more.
For ancient Greeks idealism was a way to get things better, almost like an utopia, we see that they used that in sculpture by altering the human body in order to provide beauty. Ekin, Hazal, Ugur
We can summarize the concept of humanism with the quote "Man is the measure of all things". In other words, man is at the center of the universe. Humanism is the admiration of the human body and character. According to this idea, the nature and Gods are imitations of humans.
According to humanism, “Through the arts, human experience was evaluated and dignified.” Sculpture was one of the means to augment the human experience. Greeks represented their admiration of the human body, through the male body, by sculpture. Greek sculptures were mostly those of nude men. The idea that Gods have human body and characteristics, are symbolized by the nude sculptures of those Gods. Moreover, the idea of calmness, stability and the four virtues (courage, temperance, justice and wisdom) are symbolized and hidden in sculpture. For example, the sculpture of the Kritios Boy shows perfect balance with an easy stance. The slight turn of the head also gives a sense of liveliness and animation to the sculpture, thus representing human better.
Since humanism promotes the observation of the artist –not the imagination of the ideal-, sculptures were mere duplications of the true male body. In our opinion, humanism did not disregard faults of human body and character. Instead it embraced it. For example in idealism, the forms of the infants and the old were regarded as imperfect and therefore invaluable.
The concept of humanism is represented via sculpture with emphasis on the natural beauty of the human body and mind.
7 comments:
HUMANISM AND ARCHITECTURE
- According to humanism, man is the subject of all things in the universe. The humanist idea developed as a result of the Greeks’ obsession and questioning of the human’s place in universe. Humanism valued the virtues of “courage”, “wisdom”, “temperance”, and “justice”. Furthermore, in Ancient Greek culture, being responsible to the city and environment and serving to other citizens as well as gods were humans’ obligation. For them, the art was nature’s immitation (mimesis) and was centered around humans and included the personification of gods, animals, and natural occurances, or in other words, what is inexplainable. As a result of the admiration of human body, gods were pictured in human forms.
- Greek architecture is simple and easy to understand, although the word simplicity is not in sense of worthlessness. The simplicity is evident in distance intervals and geometry in architecture, and it aims to organize space, turn chaos into harmony by defining the indefinite. Even though architecture is seen as a form of art, the buildings were not solely done for aesthetic purposes. Instead, they all had purposes for the citizens. Greek architecture also appealed to human emotions; for instance, Parthenon demonstrates a perfect balance between traditional rules/ratios and human emotions. It’s based on simple ratios and has a simple structure; however, it gives the emotional message of permanence and strength of Greek culture. Another example of humanism is the statue of Athena, which is in human form and used to stand in Parthenon – this also shows that sculpture and architecture are intervowen.
- Humanism, which was originated from the fact that Greeks put man to the center of the universe, and which demonstrates their admiration in human and human body, was reflected into architecture as buildings based on simplicity, that were easy to comprehend, but that still conveyed messages based on emotions.
Idealism suggests that there are two worlds; one is ideal world, one is the real world. Idealism is the search for perfection. Idealism concerns abouth the essence.
Greek temples are idealisticly built; the goal was to make them seem stable, perminent like they are going to stay there forever. For example The Parthenon's entrance stairs are curved outwards so that the viewer can't see it sagging down because of visual illusions. the columns have entasis which helps the viewer see the vrertical and horizontal lines straight as if they are perfect. although the columns and the pediment aren't done with right angles from a distance it looks like perfect and strong.
eda and tugberk like the effect of idealism on architerure, because they find the buildings look so huge, dominant and they are also impressed because they stayed for ages and still so strong. i dont find it very impressing, because everything is obvious and when you enter a building you know what to see theres no surprises.
idealism effects human beings so much because, we as humans are so tiny and imperfect in very aspects, and idealism gives us such a perfect world amazes us.
According to our book, rationalism is the idea that the reason must be prevailed in every human-related affair. Greeks believed, or specifically Plato believed, that the intellect is the most important aspect of men. It was considered that through education one can reach the high status. Apart from intellect, the Greeks believed that there were simple mathematical ratios in the universe. Therefore, the universe was, despite of its complexity, seemed simple and understandable for them.
In architecture, all of the mathematical and logical relationships in the nature and the universe were reflected in the very buildings they erected. The ideal ratios were used in both structural and artistic elements of the building. The harmony between the horizontal and the vertical elements of the building resembles this highly rational complexity.
In the guidance of rationalism, they skillfully erected the buildings, serving more than one purpose. For example, the Parthenon served both as a symbol of power and also as the treasury of Athens. The Greek’s reasoning allowed the architect to think about every single detail, to work on different proportions which led the buildings to stand as a result of a highly intellectual work.
The Greek architecture has been greatly affected by the ideas of the rationalism and that is the reason that they make us feel like there must be some thought of intellectually reasoning in every detail of a building.
Rationalism and Sculpture
Rationalism is the idea every phenomenon and being is created and ruled according to the principles of logic and knowledge. The purpose is to reach the highest intellectual level and rise to the point where reason rules the humanity. Rationalism is the source of real beauty, harmony and truth in Greek art, and is reflected in the sculpture, too.
The art of sculpture was based on geometric ratios, numbers and certain measurements, as well as emotions and ideas. Idealism and rationalism were used in sculpture together, but idealism was also used in a way to support and strenghten rationalist style. Sculpture was not completely and strictly based on mathemathical proportions, instead rationalism was used in a way to improve the art of sculpture, when it was needed.
According to Polyclitus, human body was designed and can be expressed by multiples of fractions. Therefore, the art of sculpture can reach perfection with rationalist theory.
We agree that mathematical proportions might be a crucial part in any kind of art; however artists must not be obsessed with mathemathics when they are performing their arts. The best part of implication of rationalism was to represent the human itself in the art; which is in a way similar to humanism.
Rationalism brought order and harmony to every part of life and reflected on sculpture with ratios and proportions.
Özlem, Arın and Mine
Idealism and Sculpture
Idealism, uses imagination to represent object as the appear to the mind's eye. Idealism focuses on the essential qualities of things. There are different forms of the “ideal” that different philosophers embraced.
During the Hellenic period sculpture was also under the influence of idealism. The aim was to reflect the permanent and the complete. Because of this reason sculptors did not prefer to create infant, old or sick human figures since they were “incomplete” and away from the ideal types. The images that they preferred to use in their sculptures were the athletes or the figures of the gods. Thus these are seen as the representatives of power, the perfect beauty and goodness which can only exist in forms and ideas according to Plato.
In our opinion idealism moves away from the reality in order to maintain perfection. Not only in sculpture, but also in drama, music and even in state administration they tried to create a sense of beauty through abstraction, but we think that only the real truth would satisfy human mind,illusional perfection will just create a temporary sense of happiness but nothing more.
For ancient Greeks idealism was a way to get things better, almost like an utopia, we see that they used that in sculpture by altering the human body in order to provide beauty.
Ekin, Hazal, Ugur
Humanism and Sculpture
We can summarize the concept of humanism with the quote "Man is the measure of all things". In other words, man is at the center of the universe. Humanism is the admiration of the human body and character. According to this idea, the nature and Gods are imitations of humans.
According to humanism, “Through the arts, human experience was evaluated and dignified.” Sculpture was one of the means to augment the human experience. Greeks represented their admiration of the human body, through the male body, by sculpture. Greek sculptures were mostly those of nude men. The idea that Gods have human body and characteristics, are symbolized by the nude sculptures of those Gods. Moreover, the idea of calmness, stability and the four virtues (courage, temperance, justice and wisdom) are symbolized and hidden in sculpture. For example, the sculpture of the Kritios Boy shows perfect balance with an easy stance. The slight turn of the head also gives a sense of liveliness and animation to the sculpture, thus representing human better.
Since humanism promotes the observation of the artist –not the imagination of the ideal-, sculptures were mere duplications of the true male body. In our opinion, humanism did not disregard faults of human body and character. Instead it embraced it. For example in idealism, the forms of the infants and the old were regarded as imperfect and therefore invaluable.
The concept of humanism is represented via sculpture with emphasis on the natural beauty of the human body and mind.
-Selin, Yiğit Y, Cansu
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